Biology and Chemical Warfare Essay -- science

Biology and Chemical Warfare Introduction Chemical and Biological Warfare, use of harmful or deadly chemical or biological agents as weapons of war. These agents can kill many people and are considered weapons of mass destruction. Chemical weapons are made up of poisonous chemical compounds, whereas biological weapons are living microorganisms. Toxin weapons contain poisonous chemical products of living organisms and are sometimes classified separately. Chemical and biological weapons can cause injury in several ways. Most cause injury or death when inhaled, and some cause injury through contact with skin or through ingestion of contaminated food. A chemical or biological attack usually involves dispersing agents into the air. This can be done in various ways, such as firing artillery shells that burst in mid-air, or using airplanes to spray the agents over an area. If released outdoors, these types of weapons can be affected by weather conditions. Rain would reduce the effectiveness of the agents, and wind might spread them in unexpected directions. Because chemical and biological agents are seen as random, dangerous, and particularly cruel weapons, they have rarely been used. In the 20th century, chemicals were used extensively as battlefield weapons only in World War I (1914-1918) and the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). The release of the nerve agent sarin in a Tokyo subway in 1995 was a rare terrorist chemical attack. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention are the most recent international agreements prohibiting these types of weapons, and both have been signed by many countries. Nevertheless, analysts contend that following the Iran-Iraq War, more countries began to secretly develop chemical and biological weapons, and the threat of their use has become greater. Iraq in particular has been accused of stockpiling such weapons, and Iraqi resistance to United Nations weapons inspections in the late 1990s raised international awareness of the need for stronger efforts to control biological and chemical weapons. II. Chemical WarfarePrint section Chemical warfare involves the use of chemical compounds to kill or seriously injure an enemy. Several countries began eliminating their chemical weapons stockpiles in the 1990s, but the threat of their use still exists. A. Chemical AgentsPrint section... ...s, an explosive release is not necessary. Members of Aum Shinrikyo attacked the Tokyo subway by packing sarin in plastic containers. To release the nerve agent, they pierced the containers with sharp umbrella tips. The leaking liquid and vapor affected thousands of passengers. Microorganisms are generally more fragile than chemicals, and some might not survive an explosion. But several, like anthrax spores, do remain potent after an explosive release. In any case, United States Army tests have shown that biological agents can be broadly dispersed in a variety of non-explosive ways. In the 1950s and 1960s the Army released bacteria and chemical particles in hundreds of tests in populated areas throughout the country. Agents were sprayed at San Francisco from a boat offshore, dispensed from slow-moving cars in Minneapolis and St. Louis, and released from light bulbs dropped in the New York subway. The bacteria and chemicals in the tests were not as dangerous as actual warfare agents, although they posed some risks to the exposed populations. They demonstrated that an enemy or terrorist could expose millions of people to disease-causing organisms by a variety of simple techniques.

Allusions in Brave New World

Henry Ford served as the inventor for the assembly line. He believed that the idea of independently manufacturing products was too inefficient and cultivated the idea to move the product instead of the people building it. Ford also pioneered technological research in developing products. Ford served as the turning point for technology; introducing and utilizing break-through ideas. Not only did he change how automobiles were manufactured, he changed the way people thought about technology. He made new technologies readily accessible and set the standard for the 20th century.In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, Huxley makes Ford the center-point for why the new society was created, the old one was un-happy and inefficient. Replacing God with Ford, Brave New World, showcases how Ford’s ideas could have been implemented. 2. Vladimir Lenin was the first person to make a country completely communist. With his uniting of the Soviet Union, Lenin integrated his communist ideolog ies into its member countries. Lenin derives many of his beliefs from his time when he was a member of the Bolshevik faction. This is where he accumulated Marxism fundamentals. Unlike in Brave New World, Lenin believed in a single class.Brave New World, invasions a perfect society with multiple social classes. In these classes, all of their members are perfectly fit with where they stand in society. There is neither backlash nor hatred among the population against the other classes. Lenin, however, believes that having different classes arouses hatred amongst a society’s citizens. 3. Thomas Malthus was an English economist that is much acclaimed for inventing modern-day rent as well as sparking awareness of population growth. The father of Malthusianism, he believed that economic factors were to be held above all else in a society.He also believed that England’s out-of-control population growth would eventually hurt the economy. He believed that the government should p lay a role in determining population growth. He was also, however, a firm believer in natural selection. Brave New World follows many of Malthus’ ideas. The primary being his belief of population growth control. Huxley implements this by having the government control all factors of the population and essentially removes bad-traits through natural selection. The society only produces people that have few DNA imperfections, allowing them to be the strongest.This essentially removes natural selection as a problem for the society. 4. Thomas Hunt Morgan was an evolutionary geneticist. He is praised with having found that genes are carried on chromosomes. Morgan also found the significance of sex-linked traits and was able to prove Darwin’s sex determination theory incorrect. Brave New World demonstrates Morgan’s genetic heredity theories by utilizing genetics to artificially create people. 5. Lewis Henry Morgan was an acclaimed anthropologist. He theorized that socie ty in general is much greater than the need for a family.He stressed that kinship must be attained by all of the societies members. He also believed that people must sense belongingness within a group in order to feel happy. Brave New World demonstrates Morgan’s fundamentals by embracing the need to belong, in order to feel happy. Citizens in Brave New World are made to feel happy by having a sense of belongingness within their own social class. They put down other social groups and only feel good about theirs. Each member is happy where he or she is in the class system. 6. Benito Mussolini was an Italian fascist dictator. Mussolini believed heavily in the national or group based identity.He wanted his citizens to act as one, having extreme pride for their nation and hiding their personal identities. He demanded that foreign influences be eradicated. Brave New World embraces Mussolini’s ideas by having its citizens share a mass-identity within their class. Individual i dentity differences are put aside and people only classify others past upon their class. 7. Herbert Hoover, a former U. S. president, believed that efficiency was the solid backbone of an economy. He theorized that the U. S. economy was heavily inefficient and as a result was beginning to slow down.He instituted many new government policies that were built upon this idea. Brave New World demonstrates this efficiency policy into the society’s main economy. The government controls most enterprises and believes that inefficiencies would slow down the economy. Automation and technology are utilized whenever possible. 8. Leon Trotsky was a Russian communist leader in the early 20th century. His beliefs, called Trotskyism, stated that the working class should have supreme power in government control. Brave New World implements Trotsky’s ideas through social classification with a cast system.Although there is a working class and wealthy class, the majority are working class m embers. Socialism is also used throughout Brave New World by the distribution of wealth and control. 9. Charles Darwin was the father of evolution and natural selection. Darwin brought about the idea of genetic evolution by theorizing that only the strongest in a population will survive and be able to carry on their genes. Brave New World takes on these ideas by utilizing genetic engineering to ensure that the society members have the best genes and have few DNA imperfections.This ensures that the members of a class will not be able to become stronger than the high class. It also ensures a broad single identity amongst a class’s members. 10. Napoleon Bonaparte was a military ruler and dictator of France and eventually most of Europe. Bonaparte used many tactics in order to control his population. He introduced Napoleonic code, which stated that men were superior and outlined a new French government. He also heavily utilized propaganda by controlling the press and restricting access to historic publications. Brave New World shares many parallels with Bonaparte.The government uses censorship in order to control public opinion. They ban texts such as Shakespeare in order to alleviate artistic interpretations and opinions. 11. Hermann von Helmholtz was a German physicist that introduced the conservation of energy and electrodynamics. Helmholtz believed that technological innovation within science was lacking but the information in order to so was. He presented that technology could be used to grow society and make it more efficient. Brave New World takes some of Helmholtz’s ideas about technological innovation and efficiency. The society pushes itself to keep innovating.The society also embraces science as a way of life through shared concepts such as thermodynamics. 12. John B. Watson was a psychologist of the behaviorism philosophy of psychology. Watson regarding everything that humans do, such as thinking, acting, or sensing, can be regarded as be haviors. These behaviors can be altered through classical or operant conditioning. Brave New World uses these ideals in order to shape how the society members think and act. Classical conditioning is used in order to change people’s behaviors. These are as simple as thinking a pant color looks good or bad. 13. Karl Marx was a German communist philosopher.He presented his ideas through Marxism, a sub-unit of communism. Working with Friedrich Engels, he believed that capitalism was a corrupt economic policy, stating that it would eventually lead to socialism, followed by communism. Brave New World encompasses his ideas by separating classes but having each class feel good about itself. Alphas look down upon epsilons, but epsilons also look down upon the alphas, instead of having jealousy. Brave New World shares the ideas of Marx but does everything possible in order to avoid them. 14. Friedrich Engels was an industrialist and co-founder of Marxism.Engels believed in a single wo rking class with quality. Brave New World takes Engels ideas and tries to do everything possible in order to avoid a Marxist based situation. Although there are different classes, they all share similar working types and although there are higher classes, there is not a classic cast system of the haves and have-nots. 15. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Noble Savage depicts the idea that society corrupts the good natural state of a person. Brave New World shows the noble savage as John. Not correctly anticipating the new society makes him loose his values.It shows how society changes a person’s personality in order to fit within the society. 16. The quote â€Å"God’s in his heaven – all’s right with the world† in the poem Pippa Passes is modified in Brave New World. The words God and heaven and substituted by Ford and flivver respectively. Ford is used instead of God, as modern-day religion does not exist within the new society. Ford is referred to a s the cultivator of the society. Flivver is used instead of heaven as flivver referrers to something unsatisfactory or low in quality. Flivver is also used to describe old cars, notable since Ford created the modern automobile.When stating that Ford is in his flivver, this indicates that Ford has changes the world forever. Basically stating that Ford is happy where he is, the state of flivver. 17. Shakespeare’s The Tempest is used within Brave New World as an ironic symbol for the new society. When John of Brave New World and Miranda of The Tempest say â€Å"O, Brave New World†, they do not what the new society is like. They both incorrectly mistake the new world as perfect with no imperfections. Unlike Amanda, John eventually realizes the imperfections of the new world. Amanda never finds out the truth. 18. Soma is an ancient Indian herb drink.It was used to give energy to the consumer and is considered a spiritual drink. Brave New World citizens consume soma in order to relax anxiety and stress. 19. Mustafa Kemel Ataturk was the first ruler of modern-day Turkey following its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Kemel was a liberal-progressive who introduced a new Turkish alphabet and introduced many reforms under Kemalism. These included the removal of religious law and introduction of women’s rights. Brave New World encompasses several of Kemel’s beliefs such as the belief of socialism and government-controlled entities.

Human Trafficking And Child Prostitution - 2104 Words

Introduction â€Å"When a little girl is sold by her impoverished family—girls my daughters’ age—runs away from home, or is lured by the false promises of a better life, and then imprisoned in a brothel and tortured if she resists—that’s slavery. It is barbaric, and it is evil, and it has no place in a civilized world.† This is a quote from President Barack Obama in 2012 addressing human trafficking and child prostitution within the U.S. In America, there is a conception that human trafficking only happens in less-developed countries. However, the U.S. is the second most prominent destination country for human trafficking in the world (Hodge Lietz, 2007). Cities such as Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Detroit are amongst the U.S. cities with high incidences of child prostitution (Hodge Lietz, 2007). Some of these children are seen as having entered through ‘choice’ while others are seen as being forced through human trafficking. The purp ose of this paper is to examine the social, economic, and cultural factors that lead to these children’s involvement in prostitution. Additionally, this paper will address United States policies on child prostitution and potential intervention strategies. Evidence Child prostitution is a problem not only globally but, specifically, here in the U.S. Each year, 1.2 million children worldwide are trafficked for sexual intentions. In the U.S., it is estimated that 300,000- 400,000 children are exploited through prostitution annually (Fong Show MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Child Prostitution1145 Words   |  5 Pagesworld has to make a living somehow. The most unprotected and risky profession, in my opinion has to be prostitution. These men and women go to work without knowing who they will have to deal with and what could possibly happen to them. These individuals participate in this line of work not only to provide for themselves, but also for family members. In essence, the government should legalize prostitution because it would protect their rights, ensure safety, and benefit their health. I believe pushingRead MoreThe Revolution Of New Orleans1453 Words   |  6 Pagesforty-nine, the whores in fifty-one; and when they got together they produced the native son.† This sheds some light as to how long prostitution has been a part of America. Prostitution dates back to the beginning of colonization in the United States, but wasn’t considered a legal act. At the time the laws just didn’t acknowledge what a prostitute or the act of prostitution itself was. In 1721, the French government shipped eighty women to the colony of New Orleans that housed seven hundred men to promoteRead MoreProstitution Is The World s Fastest Growing Criminal Enterprise1041 Words   |  5 Pages Prostitution which is defined as engaging in sexual relations in exchange for money is one of the most influential aspects that identifies with the illegal trading of humans for sexual exploitation and labor. In the United States of America prostitution is illegal in almost all of the fifty states except for Nevada. Women are the primary victims of sexual exploitation and prostitution is far from a career choice for them. The legalization of prostitution in other countries has spurred human traffickersRead MoreProstitution Is Legal For Human Trafficking1010 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Are you serious? Girls are not just objects, they are human beings just like everyone else.† That disgusts me, are the thoughts I was having when I saw that Thailand has a total of around three million sex workers in their country, and the number is increasing. Prostitution is legal but human trafficking is not. How can we make prostitution legal and then not expect is to lead to more human trafficking around the world. Prostitution is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity withRead MoreProstitution Is The Oldest Profession922 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the begin ning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreForced Child Prostitution1462 Words   |  6 Pages Forced child prostitution is all over the world. However I am talking specifically about human trafficking overseas. This is one of the most known places for Child Prostitution. Children are being snatched and forced to do drugs and sell their bodies to make money for the pimp’s. This is an issue to our country because our children are being kidnapped. We really can’t do much here because they are extremely hard to find. When you’re running a business like this you have to make sure you neverRead MoreWorld History And Geography : Human Trafficking1414 Words   |  6 PagesAmy Jia Shevlin World History and Geography November 20, 2015 Child Trafficking According to Global issues, human trafficking is the illegal transportational trade in people for the purpose of servitude. Human trafficking has become an increasing problem around the world. It is seen as the modern equivalent to slavery. According to Arkofhopeforchildren.org, 600000 to 800000 women, children, and men are bought and sold across international borders every year and exploited for forced labor or commercialRead MoreHuman Trafficking Has Become An Increasing Problem1402 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Global issues, human trafficking is the illegal transportational trade in people for the purpose of servitude. Human trafficking has become an increasing problem around the world. It is seen as the modern equivalent to slavery. According to Arkofhopeforchildren.org, 600000 to 800000 women, children, and men are bought and sold across international borders every year and exploited for forced labor or commercial sex. 50% of those victims were estimated to be children. Bu t in 2012 thereRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion of women children are trafficking worldwide every year it is problem of developed and developing and under developing country, issue found that across the nation are can say that trafficking is flowing to underdeveloped country to developing country or developing country to develop country. It has been made big market of human trafficking. Human trafficking is the third big benefitted industry in the world. At least million of children using in the prostitution for-profit, forcefully marriage

University of Dallas Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Dallas is a private Catholic university with an acceptance rate of 39%. Located ten miles from Dallas in Irving, Texas, University of Dallas welcomes students of all faiths. For students interested in studying abroad, the University of Dallas ranks among the highest in the country, with 89% participation, many at the schools campus in Rome, Italy. The university can boast of a 12-to-1 student / faculty ratio, and the schools strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Considering applying to the University of Dallas? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Dallas had an acceptance rate of 39%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 39 students were admitted, making UDs admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 4,846 Percent Admitted 39% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 20% SAT Scores and Requirements University of Dallas requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 72% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 570 680 Math 550 660 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of University of Dallas admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to University of Dallas scored between 570 and 680, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 680. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 550 and 660, while 25% scored below 550 and 25% scored above 660. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1340 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at University of Dallas. Requirements University of Dallas does not require the optional SAT writing section. Note that University of Dallas participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements UD requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 48% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 23 34 Math 22 27 Composite 23 29 This admissions data tells us that most of University of Dallas admitted students fall within the top 31% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to UD received a composite ACT score between 23 and 29, while 25% scored above 29 and 25% scored below 23. Requirements Note that University of Dallas does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. UD does not require the optional ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of University of Dallas incoming freshmen class was 3.9, and over 70% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to University of Dallas have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Dallas Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to University of Dallas. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances University of Dallas, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average range, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Keep in mind, however, that UD also has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong  application essay  and  glowing letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of University of Dallas average range. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent students who were accepted to University of Dalls. You can see that the majority of students had high school GPAs of B or higher, combined SAT scores of 1100 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 22 or higher. Many University of Dallas students had solid A averages in high school. If You Like University of Dallas, You May Also Like These Schools: Trinity UniversityRice UniversityUniversity of Texas - AustinUniversity of North TexasUniversity of HoustonTexas Tech UniversityTexas State University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Dallas Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson - 925 Words

It was a sunny summer day when all the villagers gathered in the village on June 27th for the annual Lottery. The actual event did not start until later on in the day, so there were little activities that the community members could do to keep them occupied. People would also go around looking for stones and collected them so they will have enough for the event. Mr. Summers is the person who conducted the Lottery. He has no kids so running the Lottery gave him something to do since he had a lot of time on his hands. Therefor he created the Lottery event and that was what he did to keep himself busy. The Lottery is the main reason of the villagers gathering together; at the event all the families from the village gather together to pick a slip of paper from a black box to determine who will get stoned by all the other villagers. In short story The Lottery, Shirley Jackson demonstrates the dangers of a culture that requires people to participate in traditions that may lead to death. As I stated before in the beginning of the event all the families get together to pick a slip of paper from the black box Mr. Summers presents in the middle of the crowd. Who ever picks the paper with the black dot in the middle of the paper, their family had to choose again, and the person who picks the paper they will get stoned by all the villagers including their family members. Tessie was the person who got stoned in the story. The annual Lottery was about to start and everyone in theShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mental ity and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s appr oach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Prepubescent Strength Training Essay Example For Students

Prepubescent Strength Training Essay STRENGTH TRAINING AND PREPUBESCENT YOUTHThe value placed on the importance of winning in professional sports has hit an all-time high. The astronomical amount of money being spent in the entertainment field of athletics has dictated a win-at-all-costs mentality that has trickled all the way down to negatively affect our youngest athletes the prepubescent. The athletic world has forever been exploiting our youth as a source of athletic potential, sacrificing the health, safety and welfare of these child-athletes to satiate the intense nationalistic pride of the country and more dishearteningly in the name of the Almighty Dollar. This has caused coaches and athletes to take drastic measures which are sometimes illegal and usually unethical in order to improve performance levels. One of the most controversial training practices center around the impact of strength training in prepubescent children. There has recently been increasing scrutiny debating the merits of strength training in our youth and more importantly the unsafe and unethical training practices that tend to be utilized in implementing strength training programs in all levels of amateur athletics. These controversies have enabled many people associated in medical and exercise sciences to take a further look at the field of prepubescent athletics and their impact on the developmental patterns of the children involved. The research in the field has provided feedback regarding the physiological, mental and social effects negative and/or positive that strength training influences over prepubescent growth and development. American society has entered into an era in which strength training has become the standard and most popular method of keeping the musculature of the body in aesthetic shape. Fitness centers and personal home gyms have emerged as important catalysts for people, providing everyone with equal opportunity and incentive to exercise and strength train in safe and instructional settings. This fitness boom along with the growing concerns and questions regarding the safety of prepubescent exercise has spurred several gatherings of pediatricians, fitness center owners, exercise physiologists and other related exercise scientists. Together, these groups are involved in active research studies, discussion of the methods, safety issues and effects of strength-training on prepubescent children. Subsequently there have been numerous articles documenting the effects of prepubescent strength-training many of which are incorporated into this paper.Exercise physiology has previously proven that in ord er to increase muscular strength and endurance, the frequency, intensity and duration components of a workout must be gradually and independently increased. This has brought up several important questions regarding the effects of strength training in the burgeoning field of prepubescent exercise physiology. The most important and most asked question is can and/or will prepubescent strength training cause developmental-inhibiting musculoskeletal injuries such as epiphyseal plate fractures. These types of fractures can lead to the stunting of limb growth in the affected area(s) and are obviously injuries that can negatively affect the normal development of our youth (Thomas, 1995). The next obvious question was two-fold; what are the benefits, if any, of prepubescent strength-training and do the benefits warrant risking possible physical harm? The last and the least obvious question asked wanted to know what exactly was prepubescent strength-training and what were its safety guideline s?For the purposes of these studies and this paper, strength training will be defined as the use of progressive resistance methods such as body weight (i.e. pushups), free weights, isotonic and isokinetic machines utilized in an attempt to increase ones ability to exert or resist force (Cahill, 1995). Prepubescence will be defined as a child, male or female, typically no older than 16, who has not yet developed secondary sex characteristics. More simply put, the individual has not yet hit puberty(Buturusis 1994). Prepubescent strength training can be defined exactly by what it says it is, the practice of resistance training by an individual who has not yet reached puberty. Typically the weight lifted by prepubescents is specifically designed to be less than the weight adolescents and adults of similar weights and heights are capable of lifting. There are two reasons for using the lesser weight, prevention of growth-inhibiting injuries and from the necessity created by the physiologi cal differences between pre and postpubescent lifters that limit overall strength gains. The reasons for the physiological differences in overall strength come from several reasons, one in particular. In both prepubescent boys and girls it is thought to occur due to the absence of testosterone in the body. This lack of testosterone prevents any significant muscle growth from occurring regardless of the amount or intensity of training. Interestingly enough, it is this same lack of testosterone in postpubescent females that puts women at a distinct disadvantage in the sport of bodybuilding. Since females never produce significant amounts of testosterone the major limiting factor in pre and postpubescent strength training gains (Conn, 1993). The last area to be looked at is the frequency of workouts. Whereas adults involved in moderate to serious strength training are in the weight room anywhere from a minimum of three days to a maximum of five days a week, the prepubescent should be in the weight room a maximum of two sessions per week. It is also recommended that prepubescent weight lifters have a minimum of two full rest days between exercise bouts as opposed to a one rest day minimum for mature weight lifters. REASONS TO IMPLEMENT STRENGTH TRAININGThroughout the country and the world there are literally hundreds of sports and athletic programs, both organized and recreational, in which children can participate. It is thought that the children who are involved in these programs can benefit from strength training in many ways. Adequate strength has been proven to be an important part of health-related fitness and optimal physiological function for children (Thomas, 1993). In addition, two other national organizations, the National Strength and Conditioning Association and the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine have suggested that pre and postpubescent children and young adults can improve their strength and significantly reduce their chance of injury by the use of properly supervised strength training programs (Dunn et al, 1988). A similar report written by the American Physical Therapy Association concluded that the poor physical conditioning of young athletes is most likely the leading cause of injury in youth sports. They concluded their study by emphasizing the fact that a properly designed resistance training program will develop and prepare the muscles for not only sports competition but for the daily stresses placed upon the body. (Micheli, 1988) Since all sports place abnormal demands on the muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones of the body, there is a growing consensus among physicians and exercise scientists that increasing an athletes strength will simultaneously enhance the level of performance and significantly reduce the likelihood of injury. In fact, a recent study reveals that middle school boys and girls who participated in a year-round strength training program only incurred one half the injuries and needed only one half the preparation time of athletes who did not participate in a strength training program (Cahill, 1995). BENEFITS OF PREPUBESCENT STRENGTH TRAININGThere are many other positive and consequential health benefits gained by prepubescent who participate in a safe, youth-oriented strength training program. The most important benefit for people to look at in regards to prepubescent athletics is the decrease in injury associated with increased flexibility and joint stability. It has been well documented that the appropriate strengthening of muscles and other connective and supportive tissues and structures can notably decrease the rate and severity of certain sports injuries common to the prepubescent athletic population (Buturusis, 1994). It has also been shown that strength and flexibility are directly related, and by properly increasing them they will markedly reduce the risk of injury in sport. Another benefit of understated importance stems from the immeasurable potential psychological boost that can gained through the improvement of a childs physical and self-image. Strength training serves as a means for sculpting ones own body to an image more compatible with their wants and dreams. Children who have participated in strength training programs and have achieved an increase in their overall muscular strength and their general muscle tone seem to improve their self-esteem and self-image. (Cahill, 1994) Concurrently, the children show gains in the psychosocial realm. Socialization skills, mental discipline, and self-conception may increase following a strength training program. (Faigenbaum, 1995) Unlike some other sports and activities, strength training provides an opportunity for virtually all participants to be continually challenged and to feel good about their successes.(Faighenbaum, 1995) With proper guidance, children will perceive themselves as having increased their overall strength; they may actually see themselves lifting more weight and be able to document these strength gains in their workout logs. Thus the psychosocial benefits of prepubescent strength training will not likely be related to muscle hypertrophy (increase in muscle size) but rather to an increase in self-efficacy and self-concept (Feigenbaum, 1995). Macbeth Persona EssayAnother risk in prepubescent strength training is a risk also common to inexperienced adult lifters, the problem of weight lifters blackout and hypertension. Inexperienced lifters have a tendency to subconsciously hold their breath when exerting a maximal force against an object. As lifters continue to hold their breathe and strain forcefully it is possible for the lack of oxygen coupled with an increased carbon dioxide level to force the body to knock itself unconscious to prevent further damage. Obviously if a person is lifting a weight and they pass out the resulting consequences of falling unconscious while holding weight above your head can be quite dangerous. There was no evidence of this occurring in any of the prepubescent subjects during bouts of weight lifting in any of the studies. (Sale, 1989)The final risk looked at in regards to prepubescent strength training are the effects strength training has on individuals who have been diagnosed with either normal hypertension or sustained hypertension. Hypertension is blood pressure in excess of the normal range for a persons age and sex. It can be the dangerous result of an acute exercise bout in an unhealthy or untrained individual but usually returns to a normal level post exercise. Sustained hypertension on the other hand refers to a state of permanently elevated (and usually unsafe) blood pressure suffered by many individuals, even at rest. People who suffer from sustained hypertension must be medically supervised and dont really warrant attention for the purposes of this paper. There is evidence that strength training, particularly strength training involving maximal weight, can directly contribute to increasing adult subjects normal blood pressure levels. (Ramsay et al, 1990) Studies have shown no correlation between prepubescent strength training and an increase in blood pressure. This is thought to be explained by the fact that prepubescent children have relatively clear and clean veins and arteries due to their limited (in terms of longevity) exposure to high fatty foods that clog the arteries and increase blood pressure. (Sale, 1989) However this is not to say that there is no chance of this occurring, prepubescent children need to be imparted with the proper knowledge of the fundamentals and safety aspects involved in strength training in order to prevent them from lifting too much weight and from holding their breath when lifting. It is also critical that each prepubescent child have a thorough physical performed by a doctor to ensure their health be fore they begin to lift. RESULTS OF PREPUBESCENT STRENGTH TRAINING STUDIESSix research studies involving prepubescent strength training were analyzed. Three out of the six studies included both females and males. All of the studies lasted a minimum of two months ample time to develop a noticeable increase in overall strength. From these six studies, six different categories were compared with the emphasis obviously placed on whether or not there strength increases in the participating individuals. All six studies were able to statistically demonstrate noticeable strength increases. This evidence supports the underlying hypothesis of prepubescent strength training advocates that strength increases are and can be possible in a safe and knowledgeable environment. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING PREPUBESCENT STRENGTH TRAININGA review of the present scientific literature does indeed substantiate the risks of injury to the prepubescent athlete involved in strength training. However, the evidence shows that most of these injuries are not inherent to the actual strengthening process, and may be minimized by proper techniques and practices. In addition, data generated to date substantiates and infers significant that significant benefits may be obtained with strength training for the prepubescent athlete. My analysis of the strength training literature, both pro and con, has established the clear need for ongoing research into the effects that strength training has on the prepubescent athlete and the need for enhanced safety precautions necessary for improving the overall quality of current prepubescent strength training procedures. BIBLIOGRAPHYButursis, Duane. Prepubescent Strength Training. National Strength and Conditioning Association. 1-7. 1994. Cahill, Bernard R. Proceedings of the Conference on Strength Training and the Prepubescent. American Orthopeadic Society for Sports Medicine. 1-11. 1995. Dunn, George et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 7. 27-29. 1985. Faigenbaum, Avery D. Psychological Benefits of Prepubescent Strength Training.Strength and Conditioning. 28-31. April, 1995. Metcalf, James A. and Scott O. Roberts. Strength Training and the Immature Athlete: An Overview. Pediatric Nursing. Vol. 19. 325-332. August, 1993. Michli, L.J. Strength Training in the Young Athlete. Competitive Sports for Children and Youth. 96-97. 1988. Rians, C.B., et al. Strength Training for Prepubescent Males. American Journal of Sports Medicine 15:483-489. 1987. Sewall, R., et al. Strength Development in Children. (abstract). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 16:158. 1984.

The Grinder Review Essay Example

The Grinder Review Paper Essay on The Grinder Intercepting the course of the current year, the Mighty humanitarian novel ever dressed a la I feel so comfortable, Bykov Spelling is a collection of touching stories (stories) D. Rubina Astral flight of the soul in the Classroom Physics, it is inarticulate nostalgic novel the handwriting of Leonardo, the rustic romance with church M. Kucherskaya God of rain has to offer to the end of the year, I suddenly realized that in the highest degree not familiar with modern Russian prose. the annoying feeling lost and unserved and rhetorical lament the lack of BP Meni contributed to the fact that I came across on the net on a nice review of the debut novel of Russian emigre journalist, the current New Yorker journalist, in the literal and figurative sense, Michael Idowu grinder. And may have elapsed since the emigration of some 11 years, the novel came out in English, which gives rise to, and the way the content offers not only an excuse to carry a novel to American literature, or more precisely non-Russian. As with all pan-Americanism of the US population the country of clean water, a pair of every creature, even with its own rules. The burden is our 70 years of imprisonment with a heavy national-imperial legacy, unfortunately or not, but does not integrate into the slender threads of globalization. But Im not in vain mentioned Russian literature: it is a rare case when the author himself translated (though, according to him, he would have gladly given the palm tra nslation collaborator his wife), thus like writing another novel and, willy-nilly, inscribing itself in the Russian literature. However, he himself still does not think in any literature, he simply wrote a novel We will write a custom essay sample on The Grinder Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Grinder Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Grinder Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And the novel was quite nice A couple of young people -.. Nina and Mark going and open cafe in the Viennese style. Why is the coffee shop? Tribute to European tradition, although the Russian reader may well give coffee additional meaning linked to the famous cafe Saigon at the corner of Nevsky and the Vladimir, in which beer drink of freedom and Weller, and Dovaltov and Brodsky. But as far as going well / is not got kofenoe business, and so resonate relationship of the main characters. The plot is quite simple and easy to guess where the tree will fall if it is already falling. Another thing is that the whole book it is rather not stupid, though neglubinnye, observation New Yorker for the environment and is in this environment Mark and Nina -. Modern intelligentsia (that does not mean for me as a rather bohemian ). Mark, paying tribute to its roots, the authors son Leningrad emigration of intellectuals, trades review of the novel and the young, in his eyes, not very talented authors. Nina, I thought, the writer read it does not create, and to describe its image suit and a pair of adjectives originally from South Asia, the daughter of a very wealthy Madame pragmatic, introverted, loves photography. He tries to express it more through the quotes, for example, of the Three Sisters, or general statements such as the place of Wenders and Jarmusch in the cinema world, but this is only the outline of the image. The author even the biography of Mark dedicated space where more than Nina. In general, the book is a lot of quotes and references direct and punning, which is already possible to conclude that non-Russian novel, nationality, and quote the words of Irina of the Three Sisters It looks timid and a tribute to the roots of its own brand, as, indeed, and homage to Nabokov. He prefers rather to joke and refer to something modern and non-Russian The Matrix and sailor Popayya, Rocky Horror Show horor and Monty Python. And this is not an accusation a statement The novel is a modern full of labels: from scarves of Hermes and the restaurant Rebyushon to score some there episodic character-optics brand that  «Cutler amp. ; Gross  »- he did not fail to mention. Brand is certainly already endowed with cultural and semantic content, in any case there, but these savory jogging on the well-known brands even decorates the geography of the novel and Manhetenna, on which the action takes place (and runs from Midtown to Lower East Side with a hook through Soho) but too smacks of product placement. To love money is not a sin, but sin and desire that the novel was a success, but although it may be so fashionable. The language, despite assurances from the critics to the contrary, to be honest recognition of Michael, yet synthetic (assimilation took place successfully). Among the fairly good / good language in which you can find beautiful swollen, there is a gag like bristle (although nice word) and many many forcibly Russified foreign influence: stupas-Salem, obesfizhenny (it even Google is not recognized) .., hipster, bodega, etc. However, in the preface, he clearly expressed his thought: to risk it is to write in a language in which there is an untranslatable word petty themes own peril. And rather it refers to the language than to the subject because of the whole story of one coffee shop has a feeble statement of the ethical schism between money and culture. Despite the kind of infantilism, idealism, ineptitude and a certain snobbish narcissism Nina and Mark, sympathize with those guys, trying to create a place in which it is possible for aynshpennerom (mocha in a tall glass) to talk about things a little more complex and higher than the troubles at work and sale in the Hermes, and where you can earn a little bit. Yes, maybe its petty themes, but disillusionment is always painful, and even dangerous. But not all so serious the author has a good sense of humor and no fool fair share of self-irony, which makes reading easy and fun P.. C. An interesting observation of the readers Idowu as a journalist were disappointed when they learned that the novel is not a guide for the opening of the cafe That is because .